By the late 12th century, theologian Peter Lombard defined several of the Churchs liturgical rites as primary sacraments that are both signs and causes of grace: Baptism, Eucharist, Confirmation, Penance, Marriage, Ordination, and Anointing of the Sick (Extreme Unction). The pope sided with the reformers, and Henry and his advisers supported the rival candidate for the bishops office in this important city. In the 13th century, the liturgical books for the growing papal curia were streamlined to take into account their increasing administrative duties. This volume contained other new musical compositions used during the Mass or Office during this period, like sequences, individual chanted poems added after the alleluia on certain feast days. Various forms of sung recitation were used in medieval liturgy, both at Mass and during the Office (and in some other rites as well). A right and duty of kings and emperors since the time of Charlemagne, lay investiture had become increasingly important to secular rulers who depended on ecclesiastical support for their authority. Perhaps it is better to describe the experience of medieval liturgy as a texture, serving as a backdrop for, and interwoven with, daily life. At about the same time, the practice began of elevating the host immediately after the words of consecration, for the assembled congregation to view, in an act of what has been called ocular/visual communion. Superstitions had already begun to arise about benefits to health from gazing at the host, and stories arose about men or women who had managed to steal a consecrated host to use as a kind of superstitious charm to ensure a safe journey or a good harvest. 
Later claims in support of the divine right of kings were rooted in the liturgical anointing of these rulers during coronation rites; medieval Holy Roman emperors visiting parts of the empire would be greeted at the city gates by special acclamations and processions of welcome, the laudes regiae. The former Christian The saints were believed to punish those who harmed the church and to cure their devotees of various maladies. Scholars and churchmen rediscovered the works of Aristotle, interpreted them in new institutional settings, and forged the medieval synthesis of faith and reason in the 13th century. Even the post-Tridentine Roman Ritual (Rituale Romanum), published in 1614, was offered as a standard, but did not officially replace other ritual traditions. The celebration of the Eucharist (the Mass) was at the heart of medieval liturgical life, regardless of the season. Printed from Oxford Research Encyclopedias, Religion. Orthodox Christian holidays Christmas: Orthodox Christians use a different calendar than other Christians the Julian instead of the Gregorian due to The early Middle Ages was a time of growth and expansion for western Christianity, spreading through both the preaching of missionaries and the military strength of secular rulers. For a number of historical and cultural reasons, the Liber Usualis, a substantial collection of the most widely used chants in the Roman liturgy, only appeared at the end of the 19th century, with papal approval. A later printed edition (by Alberti Castellani, 1520) became the text used for the Roman Pontifical issued after the Council of Trent (1595). This curial/Regula (rule) Missal was revised further in the mid-13th century by the English Franciscan Haymo of Faversham, and could be was produced in smaller manuscript formats, to be more easily carried from place to place. To the east, Hungarians and Poles begin to convert to Christianity, and Christianity reaches Iceland and Greenland to the west. The doctrine of purgatory as it developed during the medieval period stated that persons who died either in a state of lesser (venial) sin, or with penance for their sins still left undone, would need to be spiritually purified before admission to Heaven. Countless other men and women traveled to Jerusalem in the early 1030s, probably to witness the return of Christ. Still others contain directories of material to be used at the Divine Office. Why is Roman Catholicism so prominent in Latin America? Eric Palazzos A History of Liturgical Books: From the Beginning to the Thirteenth Century (Collegeville, MN: Liturgical Press, 1998) is the English translation of the 1993 French original, Le Moyen ge: Des origines au XIIIme sicle (Paris: Beauchesne, 1993). Other chants were developed from the 9th to the 11th centuries: tropes, sung phrases or texts woven into the chanting of a main text, like an alleluia, were collected into a book called the Troper. During the early 8th century, Muslim armies invaded the Iberian peninsula; all of Portugal and most of Spain became part of the Islamic Umayyad caliphate, called Al-Andalus. The reforms of Gregory VII and the movement associated with him, sometimes recognized as the most important reformation in church history, radically restructured the church and its teachings. WebRoman and Byzantine styles were particularly prevalent in early Islamic architecture. Laborers and their families enjoyed time off from work on Sundays and feast days. At first, the presumption was that the secular clergy (and later, members of the new mendicant orders) would recite the Office together daily, in common; however, by the end of the medieval period, the common expectation was that, if this were not possible (as was the case for many priests and deacons, as well as members of some religious orders, for instance, individual Franciscans if away from their communities), the Office should be recited privately. 22. The papal return to Rome in 1377 was marred by a contested papal election the following year, leading to a schism in the papacy when first two, then three, clerics claimed to be the validly elected pope. Rooted in Christian antiquity, in the early central liturgical structures of Initiation and Eucharist, the private and public observance of daily prayer, and the development of a liturgical year, the long medieval period that followed saw a broadening elaboration and expansion of the liturgical life of Christians in many different directions. The developments in the church around the year 1000 foreshadowed the dramatic events of the later 11th century, which in turn stimulated the profound growth of the church in the High Middle Ages. In addition to the volumes containing rubrics and prayers for liturgical celebrations, a separate cluster of books contained music to be used during these rites, in a style known as chant; Gregorian chant became the dominant form. After royal claims gradually transformed election into royal appointment, admission to office was effected by the bestowal, or investiture, by the lord of ring and staff (symbols of the episcopal office), preceded by an act of homage. Election (by the cathedral chapter) was to be free and lay investiture was waived, but homage before the bestowal of the fief was allowed. The architectural and geographical environment, the hierarchical and political influences, the considerations of class and gender, and the economic and social developments of each century must be understood and interwoven with theological, linguistic, and artistic interpretation. Older liturgical and devotional practices were questioned and reexamined in the light of improved access to New Testament and patristic sources, many brought to Western Europe after the fall of Orthodox Christian Constantinople to the Muslim Ottoman Empire (1453). In time, the nomenclature used for these liturgical books became more uniform: The Missale (missale plenum/missalis plenarius, the full missal), containing all of the texts necessary for the priest or bishop to celebrate Mass, not only the prayer texts and directions (the rubrics, written in red ink), but also the scriptural readings and basic chants; The Pontificale (pontifical), the book for the bishop, containing the texts for the rites at which he was expected to preside; The Rituale (sometimes Manuale, manual), the priests book, containing the texts of the rites that formed part of his liturgical ministry; The Breviarium (breviary), the book(s) used by the major clergy as well as men and women members of religious orders for the daily celebration of the Divine Office. It is this Gregorian sacramentary tradition that formed the core of what became the later Missale Romanum. The heretics lived simple and chaste lives and sought to follow the Gospels, rather than an increasingly hierarchical and worldly church, as best they could. The investigation of liturgical development in the later medieval period began to build momentum. Various dioceses and religious communities used their own particular chant and hymn traditions, and other forms of musical expression (e.g., polyphony) became more widespread. 2009-275343. Despite these setbacks, Leos reign was a pivotal one in the history of the church, and his reform legislation set important precedents. Others of these new groups had been or would be denounced as heretical, and yet others were influenced by the revival of an older, more Manichean dualistic theology (the Cathars/Albigensians) that challenged the traditional Christian understanding of God, the world, and salvation. In response, Henry denounced Gregory as a false monk and demanded that he abdicate, and the imperial bishops renounced their obedience to the pope. Part of the difficulty lies in the complexity of both the liturgical structures themselves and the written sources that provide an initial starting place. A number of these ordines dealt with the Mass (particularly papal Masses), but others were to be used for other liturgical celebrations, some of which (along with the Eucharist) would come to be classified as sacraments (primary liturgical rites) in the 12th century, for example, baptism. Along with Eric Palazzos A History of Liturgical Books: From the Beginning to the Thirteenth Century (1998), these two volumes are essential introductions to the study of medieval liturgy through the lens of the liturgical books themselves.2. Traditionally, the date of the saints death was chosen as the date of his or her feast, his or her dies natali, the day of (re)birth into eternal life. What is the difference between Christianity and Roman Catholicism? By this time, however, a large majority of bishops were Gregorians, and the pope was persuaded to retract. Henrys association with the excommunicated advisers and his continued intervention increased tensions with Rome. But liturgical celebrations cannot be apprehended fully based on the texts found in the liturgical books themselves; a number of other elements must be considered. Religion, History, Gregorys actions emboldened the opposition to Henry among the nobility, which agreed to meet, with Gregory in attendance, to decide Henrys fate. The most important of these was the Peace of God movement, a series of church councils clustered primarily in the years preceding the millennium of the birth of Jesus and the millennium of the Passion and later incorporated into the broader institutional fabric of medieval society. There are several examples of early medieval pontificals dating from the 9th and 10th centuries. Here, it underwent additional revision, and became the core of Roman pontifical tradition: first, in various forms of the pontifical in 12th-century Rome, then, in the next century, with a more stable textual tradition, the Pontifical of the Papal Curia. But in the northern and western regions the proliferation of small private churches had not yet been wholly absorbed, and the existence of proprietary and exempt enclaves continued until the Reformation and beyond. The Gelasian sacramentary tradition was later expanded with the production of a newer generation of sacramentaries that included other elements into the Roman/Gallican mix; these are called the 8th-century Gelasians. Web1085 Christianity has been expanding against Muslims since Charlemagne took Barcelona in 801. Yet he continued to oppose Gregory, who excommunicated the king again in 1080 to little avail. Therefore, the dates of other religious observations in the Lent and Easter seasons are also variable: for example, Ash Wednesday, Ascension Thursday, and Pentecost Sunday. Another influential factor is the reality that the Roman liturgy was not the only liturgical system in use during the early medieval period. In most of Western Europe, these rites disappeared from the ritual books during the 13th century. However, the prayers of the living on their behalf could shorten (remit) this period of purifying penitential suffering, so the powerful spiritual benefits of the Mass could be applied to the deceased on whose behalf it was offered. This integrated, single-volume breviary was sometimes divided into two parts or volumes: one for winter use (pars Hiemalis), and the other for summer (pars Aestiva/Aestivalis). These chants are part of the Proper of the Mass, that is, among the texts that vary from day to day. As Germanic and In addition to the public Mass offered on Sundays, during the earlier Middle Ages, the celebration of Mass had been extended to every day of the week (with the exception of Good Friday, on which no Mass was offered, but communion was distributed from previously consecrated hosts); the texts and music used would vary according to the liturgical season, feast, or day of the week. The estates of nobles and monasteries were often centers for pastoral ministry. The Jews restricted status after that time WebChristianity and Religious Freedom in the Medieval Period (476 1453 CE) Christianity and Religious Freedom in the Medieval Period (476 1453 CE) Author : David Little The Medieval period commenced with the decline of the Roman Empire as the result of the barbarian invasions. WebFrom the 6th century onward, most of the monasteries in the West were of the Benedictine Order, founded by Benedict of Nursia, who wrote influential rules for monastic life. The pontifical seems to have undergone at least some of the same stages of development as the missal. Since not all of these new movements were considered orthodox in belief and practice, these founders were careful to obtain papal approval for their communities. By the year 1200, theologians had defined seven of the Churchs liturgical rites as primary sacraments: Baptism and Confirmation (from the ancient initiation sequence); Eucharist; Penance (with the emphasis on private confession of sins); Ordination (through various minor orders to the three major orders of deacon, presbyter, and bishop); Extreme Unction (anointing of the sick, now reserved for the gravely ill); and Matrimony (as the liturgical rites for the originally domestic rituals of marriage become more elaborate and set in the church rather than the home). The medieval period itself can be roughly subdivided into three more specific sections: the early Middle Ages (roughly from 600 to 1100 ce); the high Middle Ages (1100 to 1300 ce); and the late Middle Ages (1300 to 1500 ce). The pattern of liturgical life in the medieval period can be described in three words: local, varied, and complex. The breviary first came into use in monastic communities, then among secular clergy, during the 11th and 12th centuries. They reflected the transition from a faith that emphasized the divine majesty of God to one that focused on the suffering and humanity of Jesus. By the 11th century the greater part of central Christendom had been divided into bishops dioceses and individual parishes. But in the northern and western regions the proliferation of small private churches had not yet been wholly absorbed, and the existence of proprietary and exempt enclaves continued until the Reformation and beyond. Much of the churchs liturgical ritual was influenced by the liturgical year, that is, the pattern of seasons and feasts celebrated over the course of a year. Other feast and fast days were also part of the temporale, for example, Candlemas (February 2), commemoration the Purification of the Virgin Mary after the birth of Christ or the feast of the Annunciation (March 25, also known as Lady Day). Gregorys actions were shaped more than anything by his devotion to St. Peter and his belief that the pope was Peters successor. In the papal election decree of 1059, which was issued during the minority of the German king Henry IV (10501106), the right and duty of papal election was assigned to the cardinals, tacitly eliminating the role of the king of Germany even though vague reference to his notification was made. During the rule of Pope Innocent III (11981216), two mendicant orders, the Franciscan and the Dominican, were founded. As was the case with the sacramentaries and the ordines, this original Roman chant was also influenced by Frankish practice and expanded by additional chant material in later centuries. The first popular religious movements of the Middle Ages also began during this time. 1085 Pope Gregory VII dies. The earliest retractions that he was required to sign included a statement that this true body of Christ was crushed by the teeth of the faithful when they received communion. Irish tales were recorded by 11th-century Christian monks, which helped make Irish mythology the most well-preserved branch of Celtic mythology. Rooted in late antiquity, these hours of prayer essentially consecrated the passage of each day with the praise of God. But in the northern and western regions the The most notable of these were the Dominicans, founded by Dominic Guzman (d. 1221) and the Franciscans, founded by Francis of Assisi (d. 1226). WebChristianity continues to spread among the peoples of eastern Europe during this century. The date of Easter follows a lunar cycle (like the Jewish celebration of Passover, its original context), and is therefore a moveable feast. One of the examples is the Dome of the Rock (late 7th century) in Jerusalem. How did this conflict lead to the Crusades? The Investiture Controversy: Gregory VII to Calixtus II, The papacy at its height: the 12th and 13th centuries, From the late Middle Ages to the Reformation, Late medieval reform: the Great Schism and conciliarism, Roman Catholicism on the eve of the Reformation, Expressions of spirituality and folk piety, Roman Catholicism and Renaissance humanism, Roman Catholicism and the emergence of national consciousness, The age of Reformation and Counter-Reformation, Roman Catholicism and the Protestant Reformation, Religious life in the 17th and 18th centuries, The New World: Spanish and Portuguese empires, Spanish and French missions in North America, Roman Catholicism in the United States and Canada, Ancient and medieval views of papal authority, Early-modern and modern views of papal authority, Historical conceptions of the relationship of the papacy to the world, The Roman Curia and the College of Cardinals. In the mid-1040s three claimants to the throne of St. Peter held sway in central Italy. Over time, mixed Roman-Gallican-Germanic sacramenties diffused back over the Alps to Rome itself. Collectars could often be found combined with other books used for the Office, for example, the psalter, or the book of office hymns (hymnar/hymnarium/liber hymnorum), as well as with the texts for other rituals (see section The Rituale). At first, most 20th-century editors hypothesized that this sacramentary was based on a (lost) Roman presbyteral book, used not by the pope but by the clergy in charge of the numerous smaller church communities in Rome, the tituli (title churches). Therefore, it is useful to discuss briefly the interaction between medieval eucharistic theology and the actual celebration of the Mass. The scattered priests and distant bishops gradually became a distinct class, the clergy, with a law and a loyalty of their own. Climate shifts led to colder temperatures and agricultural stress, and a violent outbreak of bubonic plague in the mid-14th century decimated the population and resulted in the breakdown of many social systems (outbreaks would continue through the 18th century). The accidents, that is, the outer appearance of the bread and wine to the senses, remain the same. Lists of blessings for various persons and religious objects also included, for example, the blessing of candles or palms. Like the sacramentary and the pontifical, the texts of many individual rites were first produced in booklet form, the libellus, a practice for ritual texts that continued through the high Middle Ages. The movements efforts to remove lay interference in church affairs laid the foundation for later ideas concerning the separation of church and state. For example, the Fourth Lateran Council prohibited priests from taking part in what were known as trials by ordeal. 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